OHaHa's學習心得

4.x 版 至 5.x 版

本文自本站舊站複製移轉

概述:
從4.x到5.x版,或是單純直接安裝5.x版的的人請注意看一下囉.
這個部分4.x和5.x版是不大相同的.
 (因為本網站,目前相關部分仍是採用4.x版本,所以提供給那些不想找資料的人.)
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live system 救援光碟

  live system 救援光碟, 本文從舊站移轉.

  ◎實用度:  高

  ◎性質分類:  救命用光碟

5.4 RELEASE先前版本,第一片FreeBSD光碟包含了基本系統,ports tree,和一些常用的packages. 第二片光碟(iso映像檔)則是一片用來緊急救援用的live system.
  
自5.4 RELEASE 起進行變更,除了is64平台,第一片光碟中也已經包含了基本系統和ports tree,
live system,第二片光碟則包含了一些常用的packages.

  用途:
  緊急救援用,例如說不小心砍了 /lib/libc.so.5 這個函式檔.

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藍色泡泡 的 FreeBSD 5.4-Release Note

當然除了以下之外還有,有興趣請自行查閱,此為泡泡自行的註釋

網址: http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/relnotes-i386.html

發布日期: 2005/05/05

Network Protocols
The Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) has been implemented. CARP comes from OpenBSD and
allows multiple hosts to share an IP address, providing high availability and load balancing.
For more information, see the carp(4) manual page
中譯: 自OpenBSD移植CARP協定,允許多個host共用一個IP位址,可提高效益及負載平衡

The ipfw(4) system can work with debug.mpsafenet=1 (this tunable is 1 by default) when the gid,
jail, and/or uid rule options are used.
中譯: ipfw當gid jail 或uid參數被使用時,可以開啟debug.mpsafenet除錯功能

The ipfw(8) ipfw fwd rule now supports the full packet destination manipulation when the kernel
option options IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED is specified in addition to options IPFIREWALL_FORWARD.
This kernel option disables all restrictions to ensure proper behavior for locally generated
packets and allows redirection of packets destined to locally configured IP addresses.
Note that ipfw(8) rules have to be carefully crafted to make sure that things like PMTU discovery
do not break.
中譯: ipfw fwd支援封包目的地控制,前提是kernel必須加入IPFIREWALL_FORWARD 及 IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED

ipnat(8) now allows redirect rules to work for non-TCP/UDP packets.
中譯: ipnat redirect也支援非non-TCP/UDP封包

A new ng_netflow(4) NetGraph node allows a router running FreeBSD to do NetFlow version 5 exports.
中譯: ng_netflow 可以讓FreeBSD router輸出NetFlow version 5 資料

Random ephemeral port number allocation has led to some problems with port reuse at high connection
rates. This feature is now disabled during periods of high connection rates; whenever new connections
are created faster than net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps per second, port number randomization is
disabled for the next net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime seconds. The default values for these two sysctl
variables are 10 and 45, respectively.

中譯: 由OpenBSD移植 The random ephemeral port allocation(隨機且短暫的port配置)特性.
　　　為了保持隨機port的安全性,及確保的操作,此項功能在高傳輸速度時將會被取消.
　　　更明確的來說,當連結速率超過net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps的設定值時(預設為10),
　　　隨機選port的功能就會被取消數秒.(設定在net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime 預設為45)

File Systems
Recomputing the summary information for ``dirty'' UFS and UFS2 file systems is no longer done at mount
time, but is now done by background fsck(8). This change improves the startup speed when mounting large
file systems after a crash. The prior behavior can be restored by setting the
vfs.ffs.compute_summary_at_mount sysctl variable to a non-zero value.

Userland Changes
bsdlabel(8) now supports a -f option to work on files instead of disk partitions.
中譯: bsdlabel新增 -f 參數,用來對檔案產生作用.

bsdtar(1) is now the default tar(1) utility in the FreeBSD base system. /usr/bin/tar is
a symlink pointing to /usr/bin/bsdtar by default. To return to using /usr/bin/gtar by default,
the WITH_GTAR make variable can be used.
中譯: bsdtar是預設的FreeBSD系統的tar工具,原有的 /usr/bin/tar 已經連結過去bsdtar
      也可以在make時,透過WITH_GTAR使用先前的/usr/bin/gtar.

The cron(8) daemon accepts two new options, -j and -J, to enable time jitter for jobs to
run as unprivileged users and the superuser, respectively. Time jitter means that cron(8)
will sleep for a small random period of time in the specified range before executing a job.
This feature is intended to smooth load peaks appearing when a lot of jobs are scheduled for
a particular moment. [MERGED]
中譯: cron新增-j -J 兩個參數,可以讓cron在執行時先行sleep一小段時間再執行
      ,如此可以避免短時間內的負擔過重.

daemon(8) now supports a -p option to create a PID file.
中譯: daemon新增-p參數用來產生PID檔案.

df(1) now supports a -c option to display a grand total of statistics for file systems.
中譯: df新增-c參數用來顯示整個檔案系統(total)狀況

The find(1) utility now supports a -acl primary to locate files with acl(3).
中譯: find 支援 -acl 參數,支援acl (access control list)

The find(1) utility now supports a new primary -depth n which tests whether the depth of
the current file relative to the starting point of the traversal is n. [MERGED]
中譯: find支援 -depth n 參數,用來定義搜尋的層度深度

ifconfig(8) now supports renaming of network interfaces at run-time using the name parameter.
中譯: ifconfig 支援更改網路介面名稱. (ex: ifconfig ed0 name ohaha)

The logins(1) utility has been added to display information about user and system accounts.
中譯: 新增 logins 指令,用來顯示使用者及系統帳號

nologin(8) now reports login attempts via syslogd(8).
中譯: nologin 透過syslogd 回報嘗試登入的狀況.

nologin(8) has been moved from /sbin/nologin to /usr/sbin/nologin. /sbin/nologin remains as
a symbolic link for backward compatibility.
中譯: nologin的位置從/sbin/nologin 變成 /usr/sbin/nologin , 原有 /sbin/nologin變成連結了.

rmdir(1) now supports a -v flag, which makes it verbose.
中譯: rmdir 支援 -v 參數 (verbose).

The named script has been updated to support BIND 9 in the base system.
The changes include:
1.named(8) runs in a chroot(2) directory /var/named by default. The named_chrootdir variable can be
  used to disable this behavior or to change the chroot(2) directory.

2.When the named_chroot_autoupdate variable is set to YES (the default), the chroot directory is
  automatically configured at the boot time. A symbolic link which points to /var/named/etc/namedb is
  created as /etc/namedb, and a symbolic link which points to /var/named/var/run/named/pid is created
  as /var/run/named/pid. The latter can be disabled by using the named_symlink_enable variable
  in rc.conf.

3.The rndc.key file is automatically created if it does not exist.
中譯: 系統預設的named已經提升為bind9.預設使用named_chroot_autoupdate.
      此時 /var/named/etc/namedb 和 /var/named/var/run/named/pid 會被創造,分別連結
      /etc/namedb 和 /var/run/named/pid

Upgrading from previous releases of FreeBSD
Users with existing FreeBSD systems are highly encouraged to read the ``FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE Migration
Guide''. This document generally has the filename MIGRATE5.TXT on the distribution media, or any other
place that the release notes can be found. It offers some notes on migrating from FreeBSD 4.X, but more
importantly, also discusses some of the relative merits of upgrading to FreeBSD 5.X versus running
FreeBSD 4.X.
中譯: 以前版本的使用者請閱讀"FreeBSD 5.3-RELEASE Migration Guide"文件.
      該文件提供一些在升級時所需要注意的地方.此外更重要的是....
      與其他成功升級4.x 到 5.x 的使用者請益.

Important: Upgrading FreeBSD should, of course, only be attempted after backing up all data and
configuration files.
中譯: 請務必注意,*在升級FreeBSD之前*,請務必備份*所有資料及相關設定檔*!!